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AIELLO-TSU, Tânia M.J. (1991) - Vício e Loucura: estudo
de representações sociais de escolares sobre doença
mental através do uso do Procedimento de Desenhos-Estórias
com Tema [Addiction and Madness: a Study of Social Representations of
Students about Mental Illness through the Use of the Thematic Drawing-and-Story
Procedure]. São Paulo (SP), Boletim de Psicologia, 41
(94/95): 47-56.
ABSTRACT
The article presents the results of a research about social representations
of mental illness of 36 students, who were submitted to Drawing-and-Story
Procedure with a Theme. For both sexes, the predominant theme is the
use of drugs, seen as a basic etiological factor that results from the
influence of bad companies and/or families troubles. Organic diseases
and familiar problems are also appointed as causes of mental disturbance.
The author thinks that the most frequent representations, specially
the one of an addicted crazy person, are an expression of defense mechanisms
against anxieties characteristic of the adolescence, returning to childhood
positions. It points out the need of help for the teenager and considers
that the most common representations correspond to negative ideas that
can have consequences in terms of the social reinsertion of the psychiatric
patient.
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ARCARO, N. T., HERZBERG, E. e TRINCA, W. (1999) - O psicodiagnóstico
infantil no atendimento psicológico a populações
carentes [Children Psychodiagnosis in the Psychological Care of Needy
Communities]. Revista Iberoamericana de Diagnóstico y Evaluación
Psicológica. Salamanca (Espanha), 1 (1): 37-52.
ABSTRACT
The objective of this study was to develop new attending strategies
for the underprivileged. The study compared two distinct approaches
of psychological assessment using a 7 year-old boy as the subject. The
two assessments applied consisted of the Traditional one and an evaluation
involving the Drawing-and-Story Procedure. The first (the Traditional),
more time consuming and detailed, consisted of the administration of
several psychological techniques. It also entailed specific conditions
regarding the setting (an office), the materials and required a professional
specialized in psychological testing. The second evaluation was more
concise and consisted of merely an interview with the mother and two
sessions with the subject to administer the Drawing-and-Story Procedure.
Unlike the first, it required only simple and inexpensive materials
and was conducted more casually at the family's own surroundings. This
second evaluation can be conducted by a professional with little experience
in the technique, with the exception regarding the interpretation of
the protocol. Results showed that psychodiagnosis with the Drawing-and-Story
Procedure coincided with the main points of the Traditional evaluation.
Therefore, the possibility of applying efficiently this concise method
on the needy population was corroborated.
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AL'OSTA, Alfredo J.S. (1984) - Validação do Procedimento
de Desenhos-Estórias em pacientes psicóticos maníaco-depressivos
hospitalizados [Validation of the Drawing-and-Story Procedure in Manic-Depressive
Psychotic Inpatients]. Dissertação de Mestrado. Campinas
(SP), Instituto de Psicologia da PUCCAMP, 79 pp.
Orientador: Prof. Dr. Walter Trinca.
ABSTRACT
The present study used the Drawing-and-Story Procedure (D-E), the designated
instrument to clinically investigate personality. The study dealt with
the simultaneous validation of (D-E) using as a criterion the psychiatric
diagnosis. The objective was to test if D-E can differentiate hospitalized
manic-depressive psychotics from subjects classified as "Normal",
and in this way, emphasize the use of D-E with adult subjects. Before
this, only one study using this tool was applied to adult males.
We utilized 60 adults' female subjects, of low socio-economic status.
Group I consisted of thirty manic-depressive psychotics hospitalized
for 2 or more months in three hospitals in two different cities in the
state of Paraná. Group II consisted of 30 subjects who belonged
to a primary education course for adults in the city of Londrina, the
two groups were paired according to age and intellectual level. We only
included subjects that received 24 points or more on Pierre Weil's Non-Verbal
Intelligence Test (INV-C).
The 60 protocols of D-E were classified by 3 judges, psychologists who
had professional experience, informed only about the subjects sex, age,
intellectual level, and socio-economic cultural level. Each judge classified
each of the completed design story instruments in 5 alternatives: N1
(Normal without certainty), N2 (Normal with certainty),
PMD1 (Manic-depressive psychotics without certainty),
PMD2 (Manic-depressive psychotics with certainty),
NS (Don't know).
The null hypotheses (Ho) tested were: a) The judges do not have the
same judgement standard between themselves in reference to the protocols
of the study, that is, they disagree between themselves; b) The D-E
instrument would not discriminate normal subjects from subjects with
manic depressive psychosis.
There were 58 agreements out of 60 between the 3 judges regarding discrimination
between the "normal" subjects and the psychotic subjects.
That is, in 96,7% of the protocols occurred at least a tie between two
judges, independently of the classification being in accordance or not
regarding the analyzed category.
The results obtained by the Contingency Coefficient of the 3 judges
and the respective value of Chi Square permitted us to reject the null
hypothesis (H0) at a level of significance of .01 in favor of the alternative
hypothesis, that is, that the D-E procedure enables the discrimination
of "Normal" subjects from subjects with the psychiatric diagnosis
of manic depressive psychosis. The value obtained for the correlation
was relatively near to the maximum limit permitted, with the exception
of judge 2; however the of Ccorr, through its
relation with the Correlation Coefficient Allowed an estimation of correlation
of .90 for Judge 1, .83 for Judge 2, and .87 for Judge 3, indicating
very high correlation.
To verify the tendency of NS responses given by Judge 1 whose frequency
was different from the other judges in favor to the other alternatives
of judgment (N or MDP), we used the Binomial Test, once that the expected
frequencies were lower than 5. These calculations were not necessary
for judges 2 and 3 because they gave the NS response only once, and
even so, tied with Judge 1. The Binomial Test which was applied to the
NS judgements of Judge 1 did not reject the null hypothesis, which percentage
of NS judgements would be the same for both normal and MDP subjects
at a level of significance of .01.
The statistical treatments utilized in the process of this work demonstrated
that: a) exists an agreement among the judges about the criteria of
judgment of D-E; b) the judgments about the D-E are dependent on the
real characteristics of the subjects, differentiated as "Normal"
and MDP. That is, it was demonstrated the efficiency of discrimination
between subjects that were normal and MDP, through the judgements of
the D-E, in the conditions specified in this study. The lack of judgment
(NS responses) were distributed randomly between the two categories
of subjects showing no tendency in favor of one of the categories.
In truth, we can see that this report does not enable us to conclude
that D-E discriminates manic-depressive psychosis among other psychopathological
scenes, so posterior studies should be conducted for this kind of discrimination.
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AMIRALIAN,
Maria Lúcia T.M. (1997) - O Procedimento de Desenhos-Estórias
como terapia analítica breve [The Drawing-and-Story Procedure
as a Brief Analytic Psychotherapy]. São Paulo (SP), Boletim
de Psicologia, 47 (106): 41-56.
ABSTRACT
Studies carried out until the present showed that the Drawing-and Story
Procedure (D-E) could be a valuable element in the therapeutical process
as a facilitator of the individual's contact with nuclear conflicts
such as anguish, favoring its process of elaboration. These considerations
led us to carry out a research in which we could verify its therapeutical
applications which could reduce treatment time and meet the needs of
people with special health problems and disabilities. We consider that
the sequence of production units (i.e. doing drawing and telling stories)
would facilitate the patient's process of elaboration, and therefore
his instincts investment in the favoring of situations regarding personality
reorganization. The treatment of patients would generate guiding principles
to characterize this procedure as a brief analytical psychotherapy.
Methodological approach: Treatment of four patients within 10 to 24
sessions, without a determinate number of sessions with D-E that would
be intercalated with therapeutical verbalizations. Results: Our hypothesis,
has been confirmed, all cases showed significant changes in behavior.
We also verified that when used in crisis situation, it gives momentary
support to the patient and enables him to reevaluate his life situation.
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AMIRALIAN, Maria Lúcia T.M. - (1992) - Compreendendo o cego
através do Procedimento de Desenhos-Estórias: uma abordagem
psicanalítica da influência da cegueira na organização
da personalidade [Understanding the Blind through the Drawing-and-Story
Procedure: a Psychoanalytic Approach to the Influence of Blindness on
Personality Organization]. Tese de Doutorado. São Paulo (SP),
Instituto de Psicologia da USP, 189 pp.
Orientador: Prof. Dr. Walter Trinca.
ABSTRACT
This
present work concerns the understanding of blind people through globally
analyzing their mental functioning and to research the signification
of blindness on the subject's deep anguish, on his individual choices
toward the affective object, on the definition of defense mechanisms
and on the paths of egoic elaboration. In order to carry on this investigation,
the Drawing-and-Story Procedure (D-E) was utilized. After a previous
adaptation that made possible the realization of drawings by blind people,
the D-E was used to obtain graphic and verbal expressions of 18 blind
subjects of both genders, with the age ranging between 10 and 25.
The results indicate that blind that have congenital blindness present
problems in the integration of personality, which is reflected on their
identity. The ones that are blind by acquired blindness organize their
lives on the basis of the anguish of loss. In both groups, feelings
of loneliness and isolation, disqualification and insufficiency , besides
envy, were found. There are conflicts of acceptance versus negation
of blindness and of independence versus dependence in relation
to the mother figure.
The material obtained through the D-E showed its efficiency in the clinical
investigation of the blind's personality, making possible the understanding
of fundamental aspects of the personality of those that can not see.
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BORGES, Thames W.C. (1998) - O Procedimento de Desenhos-Estórias
como modalidade de intervenção nas consultas terapêuticas
infantis [The Drawing-and-Story Procedure as a Mode of Intervention
in Children Therapeutic Consultations]. Tese de Doutorado. São
Paulo (SP), Instituto de Psicologia da USP, 162 pp.
Orientadora: Profª Dra. Tânia M.J. Aiello-Vaisberg.
ABSTRACT
The
aim of this paper is to present a new modality of psychotherapeutic
treatment between children and their families. This technique is based
on the use of the Drawing-and-Story Procedure with a Theme and Without
a Theme, as an adaptation of the Drawing-and-Story Procedure developed
by Trinca (1972).
The theoretical basis is originated from Winnicott, mainly the concept
of potential space. This notion was used as a space and time that allow
us to approach, by means of creativity, not only the group's or the
individual's internal reality, but the external one as well. Concepts
such as the Therapeutic Consultation, Objects and Transitional Phenomena
and Squiggle Game were retaken along the study. It was made a reflection
on the role of the professional as an analyst and as a researcher.
The technique used makes easier the therapeutic alliance between the
child and his parents, by means of verbal, emotional, and subjective
expression. It showed to be useful in the investigation and elaboration
of the diagnosis and it made communication and psychic construction
easier.
This paper is the result of 12 years of clinical practice. Four clinic
cases are presented, in order to discuss it.
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FELIPE, Sandra S.R. (1997) - A contribuição do Teste
de Apercepção Infantil (CAT-A) e do Procedimento de Desenhos
de Família com Estórias (DF-E) na avaliação
de crianças envolvidas em disputas judiciais [The Contribution
of the Children Apperception Test (CAT-A) and of the Drawing-of-Family-with-Story
Procedure (DF-E) to the Evaluation of Children Involved in Legal Disputes].
Dissertação de Mestrado. São Paulo (SP), Instituto
de Psicologia da USP, 322 pp.
Orientador: Prof. Dr. André Jacquemin.
ABSTRACT
This work focuses essentially on diagnosis: It tries to discover, through
the use of projective techniques, the needs, conflicts and feelings
of the divorced parent's children involved in judicial disputes. Considering
the complexity of the custody disputes issue, historical, ethical, philosophical,
psychological and technical aspects related to it were analyzed here.
The central goal of this work was to check if the CAT-A and the Drawing-of-Family-with-Story
Procedure (DF-E) could provide relevant information to understand the
emotional situation of children in this context, and also, had as a
complementary objective, the knowledge of significant emotional aspects
present in children disputed by their parents. Ten disputed children
(5 boys and 5 girls) aging from 6 to 10 years old, whose families had
been evaluated by psychologists from judicial courts, were studied.
Results from the CAT-A and the DF-E provided two kinds of new information
about: 1) unconscious or not spoken (negative or positive) aspects associated
to parental images; 2) personality dynamics: by clearing
up of emotional needs; defensive aspects of eventual alliances between
child and one of the parents; and psychological damages caused by the
situation of judicial dispute or by the family dynamics.
Two groups of relevant aspects were noticed in the analysis of the cases:
1) formation of alliances between the child and one of the parents,
associated to external factors that had resonance with internal factors;
2) conflicts resulted from guilt. Then, the question of parental
dispute was discussed, which specially increases depressive anxieties
and trigger primitive defense mechanisms that delay the mental integration
and the psychological development of the child. A need to give more
emphasis on interventional approaches became evident, specially mediation.
Mediation has a tendency to decrease the persecutory anxiety and the
regressive processes, favoring the resolution of the family conflict.
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FERNANDES, Marly A. (1988) - Fantasias inconscientes de primigestas
através do Procedimento de Desenhos-Estórias [Unconscious
Fantasies of Primiparas through the Drawing-and-Story Procedure].
Dissertação de Mestrado. Campinas (SP). Instituto de Psicologia
da PUCCAMP, 130 pp.
Orientadora: Profª. Dra. Maria Emília Lino da Silva.
ABSTRACT
The objective of this work was to investigate unconscious fantasies
of women that are pregnant for the first time. Pregnancy is considered
as an extremely important moment in a woman's life that can give her
the opportunity of reaching new levels of integration and development.
An exploratory research was conducted, with 15 such pregnant women in
their fourth month of pregnancy. We chose this period because it is
the moment when pregnancy becomes obvious, and the perception of fetal
movement, characteristic of this period, is felt for the first time
as a concrete reality.
The development of the research was based mainly on a meeting when we
had a semi-guided interview and the Drawing-and-Story Procedure (D-E)
was applied. The results reveal the presence of both, destructive and
persecuting fantasies and constructive and loving fantasies in relation
to the fetus. The loving fantasies expressed themselves as a need to
make the individuality stronger, searching for harmony and equilibrium
in the personality, search for spiritual factors, connection with family
roots, evocation of childhood in relation to the baby and the insertion
of the baby in the life history of the couple. The destructive and persecutory
fantasies were characterized by the anguish of the primiparas of being
overtaken by feelings of desolation and of death. In this case, her
own death and the death of the baby, is what appears as a threatening
object. There are fears of not being capable of being a mother, and
of not knowing how to raise the child, of being a bad mother, etc. Regressions,
anxiety for the loss of childhood and perplexity towards the unknown
were also verified.
Results indicate that the Drawing-and-Story Procedure, used as an auxiliary
technique in the psychological investigation of pregnant women, is of
great value because it offers a series of advantages: it is a well accepted
tool, brings up unconscious contents, with a low level of resistance
behavior.
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FLORES, Ricardo J. (1984) - A utilidade do Procedimento de Desenhos-Estórias
na apreensão de conteúdos emocionais em crianças
terminais hospitalizadas [The Utility of the Drawing-and-Story Procedure
for the Apprehension of Emotional Contents in Hospitalized Terminal
Children]. Dissertação de Mestrado. Campinas (SP),
Instituto de Psicologia da PUCCAMP, 221 pp.
Orientador: Prof. Dr. Walter Trinca.
ABSTRACT
This paper had as an objective the verification of the usefulness of
the Drawing-Story Procedure (D-E) in the apprehension of emotional contents
in terminally ill children. The group studied was that of 30 children
hospitalized with leukemia, of both sexes, with ages ranging from three
to ten years old from a low social-economic status. The thirty test
results obtained were analyzed from a global perspective and some mechanisms
similar to those described by psychoanalytical writers. Specifically,
in relation to D-E, it was found, in these children, anxieties of separation
and also of being rejected. The children demonstrated clear perception
of the imminence of death, even if nothing was told about it. By the
fact that they thought that they were going to die, they felt rejected
as people and abandoned. They maintained the idea that death was a consequence
of this rejection and abandonment, and that it occurred as a punishment.
Death is described as a dive in darkness, a disintegration of the person,
a destructive attack on the part of objects full of terror. Thus, the
instrument's utility was shown by the apprehension of emotional contents
in terminally ill children, in the sense that it has permitted a greater
understanding of the situation of death and dying.
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GAVIÃO, Ana Clara D. e PINTO, Kátia O. (1998) - Representações
da interdisciplinaridade: um estudo através do Procedimento de
Desenhos-Estórias com Tema [Representations of Interdisciplinarity:
a Study trough the Use of the Thematic Drawing-and-Story Procedure].
Revista de Psicologia Hospitalar. São Paulo (SP), 15
(2): 7-17.
ABSTRACT
Interdisciplinarity in the hospital context is justified by the practical
need of a comprehensive understanding of the multiple factors inherent
in the process of becoming ill. However, cooperative and integrated
work is not always achieved by the health teams due to different levels
of interest and commitment of the professionals. This study had the
objective of verifying the usefulness of the Drawing-and-Story Procedure
with a Theme as a technique of investigation of the representation of
an interdisciplinary team in psychologists acting in the hospital and
also to subsidize a discussion about the subject. The results show that
the D-E with a Theme facilitates the access to subjectivity in the interdisciplinary
field, revealing, in this sample, a tendency to an intellectualized
and formal posture, as opposed to emotivity. There is creative potential,
but an effective interprofessional commitment seems to be still very
idealized.
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GORODSCY, Regina C. (1990) - A criança hiperativa e seu corpo:
um estudo compreensivo da hiperatividade em crianças [The Hyperactive
Child and his/her Body: a Comprehensive Study of Hyperactivity in Children].
Tese de Doutorado. São Paulo (SP), Instituto de Psicologia da
USP, 166 pp.
Orientador: Prof. Dr. Ceme Ferreira Jordy
ABSTRACT
A longitudinal prospective research was achieved in order to study a
group of hyperactive children that were between 7 and 12 years old,
who were taken care on a public psychiatric hospital ambulatory.
A careful anamnesis, clinical, neurological and laboratory exams, including
computerized tomography of the brain and the electroencephalography
were conducted in order to assure that the diagnostic fundament was
strictly delimited to hyperactive behavior — the main complaint
presented in a11 cases.
The children were studied through psychodiagnosis, in the therapeutical
relationship and evaluated during the time period of six months with
the Drawing-and-Story Procedure made by Walter Trinca.
The results
suggest that the hyperactivity expresses general difficulties in childhood
development that may be understood in the dynamic study of the interaction
between the child, his body and his universe. In special, it highlights
the difficulties in the self-regulation of rhythms, routine and limits.
The affective relationships are established in a basis of insecurity,
little trust and little continence.
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HAMES, Suely Lopes (1992) - Considerações sobre a realidade
externa e o mundo interno de crianças portadoras de doença
péptica [Some Thoughts on External and Internal World of Children
with Peptic Disease]. Dissertação de Mestrado. São
Paulo (SP), Faculdade de Psicologia da PUC-SP, 246 pp.
Orientador: Prof. Dr. Gilberto Safra.
ABSTRACT
There are many evidences supporting that continuous gastric secretion
could be influenced by chronic psychological impulses and therefore
this increased secretion may be a factor in the peptic ulcer pathogenesis.
The aim of this work was to analyze the life situation of 8 children
(age ranging from 8-13 years) with peptic disease and to study their
outstanding psychological traits, considering also their emotional development
periods.
The medical promptuary and a psychological interview with the responsible
person for the patient and the Drawing-and-Story Procedure (D-E) were
performed for data acquisition. Data processing was achieved by the
comprehensive method and discussed from a psychosomatic point of view
based on a psychoanalytic fundaments. In synthesis, results concluded
that: a) the life situation of the children has been always involved
with multiple aspects that were potentially troublesome, the clinical
outbreaks are related with traumatic situations and such situations
influence the evolution of peptic disease; b) some aspects of the emotional
dynamics found are characteristics that indicate a schizoparanoid position,
which enables us to affirm that these children are found to be emotionally
immature; c) through the incapacity of expressing themselves and dealing
with aggressive impulses, the children found in the soma a form of expressing
and relieving the persecutory anxiety and of being destroyed by impulses;
d) by introjection of parental imago as partial objects, the object
relation with these imago are marked by poverty, and even, by the absence
of affective relationships, generating like this, feelings of abandonment
and sadness; e) the introjection of these partial objects does not permit
an interrelation with a total person. This makes the children wanting
external gratification, implied in the increase of the needs of affection
and protection. The peptic process seems to develop as a reaction to
these voracious unsatisfied needs; f) the children that have the peptic
disease bring with themselves the impossibility of satisfying their
necessities and the incapacity of choosing an object that can be gratifying.
This conflict generates anxieties that can trigger exaggerated gastric
secretion.
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LIMA, Célia M. Blini de (1991) - A aliança familiar
na adaptação escolar ineficaz [Family Alliance in Ineffective
School Adaptation]. Dissertação de Mestrado. São
Paulo (SP), Instituto de Psicologia da USP, 386 pp.
Orientadora: Profª. Dra. Eda Marconi Custódio.
ABSTRACT
This study investigated the family psychodinamic aspects, which could
be involved in ineffective school adaptation, inducting learning disabilities
either with respect at formal contents or attitude that do not favor
good performance.
To develop this study, was used the material produced by nine children
of both sexes, aged five to ten belonging to private schools and presenting
school complaints. This material was obtained by using parent's interviews,
anamnesis and the Drawing-of-Family-with-Story Procedure (DF-E) applied
on parents and children.
Relationships between the family and the child were discussed, without
reducing the difficulties of each child to the influences of the family.
It was shown that it is possible to find a meaning for the symptoms,
when analyzed within the personal and familiar history with access to
the internal objects of the family, having psychoanalysis as theoretical
basis. Unconscious fantasies of parents and children were detected in
the way the appear in their manifest speech, and how these results are
related with learning disabilities.
Ineffective school adaptation is a consequence of development problems
where the emotional aspect plays an inhibiting role. The emotional structure
of the family and the actualization of its accomplishments is essential
to effective school adaptation.
Data revealed that families that have immaturity and insecurity traces,
are connected to the past and therefore are unable of containing the
anxiety of their children, essential condition for development. They
indicate the presence of parents that are apparently perfect, dedicated
to attend the explicit demands referring to the education of their children.
Children have expressed a particular relation with food (lack of appetite
or voraciousness) and by this way maintain their mothers really engaged
with them, the same occurs regarding school difficulties, revealing
a lack of an internalized mother, the main nourishment to be alone.
Hypothesis of failure in the primary process of introjection of reality
is taken in consideration, with a consequent fixation in the early stages
of development, possibly in the oral phase.
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MÁZZARO, A.C. (1984) - Investigação clínica
da personalidade de adolescentes homicidas através do Procedimento
de Desenhos-Estórias [Clinical Investigation of Homicidal Teenagers´
Personality through the Drawing-and-Story Procedure]. Dissertação
de Mestrado. Campinas (SP), Instituto de Psicologia da PUCCAMP, 146
pp.
Orientador: Prof. Dr. Walter Trinca.
ABSTRACT
The present study had the objective of achieving the clinical investigation
of the personality of 18 homicidal adolescents, using the Drawing-and-Story
Procedure by W.Trinca as well as information derived from the patients'
life history.
The results of the analysis were obtained from the analysis of relevant
categories, through the analysis of significant mental processes and
through the Drawing-Story-Procedure conducting personality investigation
in this kind of patients. The results suggest, that these clients present
a generalized complaint regarding the satisfaction of primitive needs
for affection, that in the final analysis are related with the need
for introjection of good and loving objects. The absence of these good
objects or the difficulty of the same in fulfilling their constructive
role for emotional development creates a situation of intense unconscious
conflicts. This conflict refers to the struggle between the loving impulses
and the destructive impulses, with the consequent presence of persecutory
and depressive anxieties. The resources of the ego seem to be deficient
to face the conflicting situation of instinctive life. There is an unconscious
fear that the destructive forces might prevail. The unconscious existence
of powerful anxieties and guilt feelings, is a result of the presence
of an superego with broad punitive characteristics.
The projective material reveals a frequent phenomenon, related to the
nature of the mental state during the accomplishment of the homicide
act: it's a moment at which the possibilities of controlling the destructive
impulses disappear and invade the conscious life in a demolishing way.
It's suggested that at this moment the psychotic nucleus of the personality
predominates, permitting the accomplishment of unconscious homicidal
tendencies.
The results indicate that the Drawing-and-Story Procedure, when used
as an auxiliary-technique for the psychological diagnosis of homicide
patients, shows a series of utilities. It's a well accepted instrument
by the patients and shows advantages in the means of mobilizing and
overcoming conscious and unconscious resistance. Its utilization comes
to complement the obtained information through other instruments of
investigation. It's suggested that the Drawing-and-Story Procedure should
be used as an initial instrument on the series of examinations of the
psichodiagnosis process since it's able to supply useful assumptions
to be checked subsequently, besides of making the diagnostic investigation
procedure easier. However, it's pointed out the need for subsequent
research to deepen the study of the ideas that came from this exploratory
work.
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MERCADANTE, Marcos T. (1993) - A utilização do Procedimento
de Desenhos-Estórias de Walter Trinca no diagnóstico da
criança borderline [Using Walter Trinca´s Drawing-and-Story
Procedure in the Diagnosis of Borderline Children]. São Paulo
(SP), Rev. Neuropsiq. Infância e Adolescência, 1
(1): 5-8.
ABSTRACT
This article discusses a diagnostic category of childhood psychosis,
that is, the borderline children also known as pre-psychotic. It positions
the comprehensive model (clinical-psychodinamic) as a fundament of this
nosography and presents a case evaluated by the Walter Trinca Drawing-and-Story
Procedure (D-E). The author concludes that the use of this procedure
is a very important tool in the diagnostic process for the children's
psychiatrist, especially in the diagnosis of borderline cases.
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MESTRINER, Sonia M.M.E. (1982) - O Procedimento de Desenhos-Estórias
em pacientes esquizofrênicos hospitalizados [The Drawing-and-Story
Procedure in schizophrenic inpatients]. Dissertação
de Mestrado. São Paulo (SP), Instituto de Psicologia da USP,
222 pp.
Orientador: Prof. Dr. Walter Trinca.
ABSTRACT
The present investigation is a study of the simultaneous validity of
Drawing-Story Procedure (D-E) using psychiatric diagnosis as a criterion.
The objective was to determine whether the D-E differentiates hospitalized
schizophrenic subjects from "normal" subjects, and, if so,
to extend its use to adults, since thus far, the test has been used
only for children and adolescents.
Eighty adult male subjects of low socioeconomic status (as determined
by their professional level and cultural completion of elementary school
at most) were utilized. Forty of these were schizophrenic patients hospitalized
for 3 months or more in 2 hospitals of two cities in the interior of
the State of São Paulo, made up Group I, and the remaining forty
subjects were elementary school students of the town of Ribeirão
Preto (Group II). The two groups were matched for age range and intellectual
level. Only subjects who had scored 10 points or more in the RAVEN Progressive
Matrix Test (General Scale), were utilized.
The 80 D-E protocols were classified by three different evaluators,
all psychologists with ample professional experience, who had been informed
only about the sex, age and intellectual level of each subject, and
about the fact that they were all of low socioeconomic and cultural
level. Each evaluator classified each protocol according to five alternatives:
E1 (schizophrenic, with little conviction), E2
(schizophrenic, with conviction), N1 (normal,
with little conviction), N2 (normal, with conviction),
and NS (I don't know). The evaluators agreed on the five alternatives
at a level of 0.02 of significance in the coefficient of concordance
of Kendall.
To compare the D-E with psychiatric diagnosis, the frequencies of the
judgement of the D-E to the N categories (including N1
+ N2) and E (including E1
E2) categories were correlated to the frequencies
of psychiatric diagnosis in the N and E categories using the KENDALL
Coefficient of Concordance for each evaluator. The NS assignments were
not considered.
The NS judgements done by evaluators 1 and 2 were treated by the Chi
Square one-sample test and by the binomial test, respectively. Evaluator
3 made no NS judgments. The alternative hypothesis that evaluation of
the D-E is dependent on or correlated to the psychiatric diagnosis at
the 0.01 level of significance was accepted for the 3 evaluators. The
contingency coefficients obtained were C = 0.62, C = 0.65 and C = 0.65
for evaluators 1, 2 and 3, respectively, and those were found to be
very close to the upper limit of the coefficient (C = 0,71). The hypothesis
of the non-validity of the proportion of NS judgements was the same
for the psychiatric diagnosis of E and that of N and they were accepted
at the 0.01 level of significance for both evaluators 1 and 2. Thus,
experienced professionals were able to discriminate, with high possibility
of success, between hospitalized patients and "normal" subjects,
all of them adults, males and of low socioeconomic and cultural level.
Some characteristics of the D-E of schizophrenic patients, compared
to those of "normal" individuals, were pointed out by those
who applied the test and those who evaluated it. The theme of The Drawing-and-Story
Procedure as a form of Psychological Interview was also discussed.
[Publ. in Estudos de Psicologia, Campinas (SP), 3 (1/2):
106-111, 1986]
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MESTRINER, Sonia M.M.E. (1989) - O Procedimento de Desenhos-Estórias
em crianças asmáticas [The Drawing-and-Story Procedure
in Asthmatic Children]. Tese de Doutorado. São Paulo (SP),
Instituto de Psicologia da USP, 234 pp.
Orientador: Prof. Dr. Walter Trinca.
ABSTRACT
The objective of the present study was to determine the psychodynamics
of asthmatic children and to differentiate them from normal children
by the Drawing-and-Story Procedure (D-E) introduced by Trinca in 1972,
thus contributing to the expansion of D-E use in the area of clinical
diagnosis of the personality. Two groups of boys aged five to ten years
were compared in terms of D-E results. Group I consisted of 30 patients
with moderate and serious asthma attended at an outpatient clinic, and
group II consisted of 30 public school children matched with those of
group I according to sex, age and intellectual level.
Evaluation was both qualitative and statistic.
In the statistic evaluation, three experienced psychologists, who were
aware of a synthesis of the psychodynamics of asthmatic children, assigned
individually the 60 D-E protocols to one of the following three categories:
A (asthmatic), N (normal) and DK (don't know). When the frequencies
of A and N assignments were correlated with the clinical condition of
the subjects - A and N - for each evaluator by means of the contingency
coefficient, significant associations at a 0.001 level were obtained.
The evaluators did differentiate asthmatic from normal children.
Qualitative evaluation consisted of a survey of the characteristic psychodynamics
of asthmatic children based on the pooled results of free inspection
of the material by two evaluators according to psychodynamic point of
view. In the qualitative evaluation, the dynamics of the psyche characteristic
of asthmatic children were brought up, by bringing together the results
of free inspection of the material by two evaluators. It was found that
asthmatic children have an internal world carried of destructive impulses.
They live intense persecutory anxieties, because they project and displace
their impulses. They have a suffocating and cruel superego that generates
anxieties. Having little capacity of elaboration and reparation, they
use intense defense mechanisms. In consequence of this dynamic, that
involves impulses and super control, these children present inhibitions
and impoverishment of the personality, a bad self image, lack of self
confidence, a tendency to be immature, fear of a defense rupture and
loss of self control. They have fantasies related to space - to prison
and liberty - and claustrophobic anxieties. When the impulsive and anxiety
charge becomes too intense, a fall of the defenses can occur and an
asthmatic crisis can have an outbreak. The respiratory system serves
the expression of the conflicts and fantasies regarding the lack of
freedom, because its vital function involves expansion and contraction.
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MIGLIAVACCA, Eva M. (1987) - Semelhanças entre o Procedimento
de Desenhos-Estórias e os conteúdos dos sonhos: uma interpretação
psicanalítica [Similarities between the Drawing-and-Story Procedure
and the Contents of Dreams: a Psychoanalytic Interpretation]. Dissertação
de Mestrado. São Paulo (SP), Instituto de Psicologia USP, 145
pp.
Orientador: Prof. Dr. Walter Trinca.
ABSTRACT
The objective of this research was to investigate any possible similarities
between dream content and clinical material obtained with the Drawing-and-Story
Procedure (D-E) within a psychoanalytic approach.
It assumes that the material obtained by the D-E can be interpreted
in the same way as interpretation of dreams, according to the Freudian
interpretation of dreams. Freud's oniric theory is outlined as well
as the Drawing-and-Story Procedure that is a clinical tool used in personality
assessment. The author then proceeds to present case material obtained
from the administration of the D-E to 20 subjects.
The Drawing-and-Story Procedure is analyzed in the following aspects:
1) manifestation of unconscious material; 2) Fulfillment of Desires;
3) Anxiety; 4) Condensation; 5) Displacement; 6) Dramatization; 7) Secondary
Elaboration; 8) Reaction Formation; 9) Dispersion; 10) Personification;
11) Symbolism. Through the analysis of clinical material, the author
concluded that the contents that appear in the D-E are similar to dream
material, both as to the meaning and as to the unconscious mechanisms
of dream formation. This conclusion adds a new dimension in the interpretation
of the Drawing-and-Story Procedure.
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MORENO, Neyde M.M. (1985) - Estudo da personalidade de pacientes
com deficiência mental leve através do Procedimento de
Desenhos-Estórias. [Study of Slightly Mentally Retarded Patients´
Personality through the Drawing-and-Story Procedure]. Dissertação
de Mestrado. São Bernardo do Campo (SP), Instituto de Metodista
de Ensino Superior, 213 pp.
Orientador: Prof. Dr. José Tolentino Rosa.
ABSTRACT
The present study tested the Drawing-and-Story Procedure (D-E) checking
its validity for diagnostics of mental deficient subjects, comparing
them to "normal ones" matched for chronological age and for
mental age.
Fifty-nine subjects took part, children and teenagers of both sexes,
of a low social-economical and cultural level. Nineteen were mild mental
handicapped subjects (from 11 to 15 years) and constituted the MD Group;
twenty subjects that were non-mental deficient (from 11 to 15 years)
, who belonged to the NMD I Group; and in the third Group - NMD II -
there were twenty non-mentally deficient subjects ( from 7 to 9 years
). The MD subjects presented I.Q between 50 and 70, by WISC. The criterion
of non-mental deficiency used was the scholar one.
After the application of D-E, the 59 protocols were classified "blindfold"
by three judges (two psychologists and one psychiatrist), informed only
about the sex and the low social-economical and cultural level. Each
judge classified the 59 protocols in seven alternatives:
DM0
(mental deficient from 11 to 15 years with conviction);
DM1 (mental deficient from 11 to 15 years without
conviction);
NDM2 (non-mental deficient from 11 to 15 years
with conviction);
NDM3 (non-mental deficient from 11 to 15 years
without conviction);
NDM4 (non-mental deficient from 7 to 9 years with
conviction);
NDM5 (non-mental deficient from 7 to 9 years without
conviction);
NS (don't know).
The results were analyzed as to: a) degree of concordance among the
judges (ties; Kendall-W); b) comparison of D-E with the clinical diagnostic
(% in accordance; index of reliability; accuracy ; ties; coefficient
of contingency; Fisher's test; and analysis of errors); c) main features
of the drawings: duration; number of drawings; resistance, elaboration,
utilization of colors, relative size, localization of paper sheet, position
of paper, pressure of drawing line, contents of drawings, perseverance;
reactions while drawing and others that didn't fit in the categories
above; d) main features of the stories: refusals and difficulties of
verbalization, sequences, concreteness, feelings, deliriums, themes;
e) relation between stories and drawings; and f) titles.
It was concluded that the Drawing-and-Story Procedure: a) is valid with
mild mental deficient teenagers, mainly if considered the experience
of the professional with the mental deficient and with the D-E; b) provides
enough features in order to differentiate mental deficient from the
other two groups; c) makes possible the analysis of the main psychological
dynamism of the mild mental deficient teenager.
Future studies are suggested, comparing the validity of Drawing-and-Story
Procedure for the differentiated diagnostic of the mental deficiency
with other psychopathologies, mainly childhood psychosis.
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PAIVA, Maria Lucimar F. (1992) - Relações entre representações
cognitivas, afetivas e desempenho escolar de crianças de 4 a
5 anos de idade [Relationships between Cognitive, Affective Representations
and the School Performance of 4 to 5 Year-Old Children]. Tese de
Doutorado. São Paulo (SP), Instituto de Psicologia da USP, 193
pp.
Orientador: Prof. Dr. Lino de Macedo.
ABSTRACT
The main purpose of this work was to analyze the affective and cognitive
representation of four a five years old children and its relation to
school development from their answers to CAT-A and to the Drawing-and-Story
Procedure (affective aspects) and to Graphic evaluation of Perceptive-Motive
Organization (Pre-Bender) from four to six year old children (cognitive
aspects). The School Development of the children was evaluated by the
teachers from a previously elaborated schedule. This research also tried
to analyze the children's production through the Drawing-and-Story Procedure
(D-E), comparing them to those resulting from the evaluations done by
the CAT-A. It was tried to establish a qualitative analysis for the
cognitive test (Pre-Bender) through the Perceptive-Motive Errors (PME)
evaluation that were characterized by deviation in the Perceptive-Motive
Organization. The sample was made with ten children, of both sexes (five
boys and five girls) with age ranging from four to five years, students
from an art school from the city of Ribeirão Preto, São
Paulo State. The results show that the school Development is found to
be positively related with the Cognitive Representations and with the
Representation of Object Relations, being guided in the same direction.
The proposition of PME analysis allowed the configuration of positive
points related to PME and showed the possibility of a qualitative analysis
sufficiently relevant to notice the different aspects in the Perceptive-Motive
Organization. The comparative analysis between the CAT-A and the Drawing-and-Story
Procedure made evident the completion of both instruments, in which
the Drawing-and-Story Procedure stands out due to the possibility of
progressive clearing up of basic conflictive aspects.
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PORTO, Valdeque R.N. (1985) - Estudo de validação de
um Procedimento de Desenhos de Família com Estórias, destinado
à exploração clínica da personalidade de
crianças [Study of Validation of a Drawing-of-Family-with-Story
Procedure for the Clinical Exploration of Children´s Personality]
. Dissertação de Mestrado. Campinas (SP), Instituto de
Psicologia da PUCCAMP, 138 pp.
Orientador: Prof. Dr. Walter Trinca.
ABSTRACT
This study had as its main objective the realization of an exploratory
study in the area of psychological evaluation, using family drawings
associated with thematic verbalizations (stories), as a procedure aimed
at obtaining information on the personality dynamics of the subjects.
It was a first attempt to validate, in a systematic way, the Drawing-of-Family-with-Story
Procedure (DF-E) introduced by Walter Trinca. Lydia Jackson's Family
Attitude Test was the instrument used to fulfill both objectives.
A total of 28 subjects of both sexes, from six to twelve were chosen
for the experiment. They were patients from private and public and university
psychological clinics that had been previously selected. The Drawing-of-Family-with-Story
Procedure and the Family Attitude Test were applied to the same subjects
because the author wished to compare the first test with the second
one, which was the "criterion" to validate the first test.
Six psychologists made two evaluations, the first one was conducted
using the Drawing-of-Family-with-Story Procedure, while the second one
used the Family Attitude Test. The psychologists were divided into two
groups. These evaluations were made using the knowledge and concepts
of the psychodynamic theories of personality. Each psychologist provided
a summary of the aspects that he considered relevant for each subject
of the sample. Another psychologist (the seventh one) made the harmonization
of each value with each subject, resulting in the exact evaluation.
Were considered valid only the items that had accordance of at least
two evaluators. The final summary contained 25 psychological factors.
It was observed that the Drawing-of-Family-with-Story Procedure offers,
qualitatively, good resources to obtain information about dynamism of
disarranged personality aspects. Quantitatively two analysis of data
were performed. The first one evolved a precision study, and the second-one
involved a validity study. Both data treatments indicated good results
by the precision analysis. However, the same didn't occur with the validity
analysis study, because the studied sample was limited. Only in two
of the 25 psychological aspects, the hypothesis of nullity were accepted.
The author emphasizes the necessity of further research to investigate
some of the findings of this exploratory work.
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SARTI, Renata e LOUREIRO, Sônia R. (1996) - Crianças asmáticas
e suas mães: avaliação psicológica através
do Procedimento de Desenhos-Estórias [Asthmatic Children and
their Mothers: Psychological Evaluation Using the Drawing-and-Story
Procedure]. São Paulo (SP), Boletim de Psicologia, 46
(105): 79-99.
ABSTRACT
Asthma has been considered a disease of diverse etiology in which the
emotional and interactive factors are widely related to its manifestation.
The a aim of this study was to characterize aspects related to the affective
manifestations of asthmatic children and their mothers through Drawing-and-Story
Procedure (D-E). Ten children, six boys and four girls, mean age eight
years and eight months, with clinical diagnosis of moderate and severe
asthma, were evaluated during attendance in the Ambulatory of Pediatric
Immunology of the HC-FMRP-USP ("Hospital das Clínicas",
College of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São
Paulo). The children and their mothers were evaluated individually using
semi-structured interviews and applying D-E which consisted in asking
the subjects to present five graphic productions followed by stories.
The protocols were evaluated by two psychologists with clinical experience,
considering the consensus evaluation. The results showed a predominantly
stereotyped production of graphics and stories, and low production (46%)
was observed among the mothers. As far as the stories were concerned,
the children tended to present descriptions (70%) while the mothers
lost themselves in fantasy (44%). The analysis of the affective aspects
involved in the interaction suggested the presence of life experiences
of intense dependence and threat on the part of the child as opposed
to life experiences of dissatisfaction and ambivalence on the part of
the mother considering her provision capacity. The understanding of
this affective behavior can favor the orientation of mothers, since
the therapeutic approach of asthma, in general, involves them in a daily
routine of special assistance.
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SOUZA, Marilza T.S. (1998) - "Script" de Vida: Histórias
Entrelaçadas [Life Script: Interwoven Stories]. Dissertação
de Mestrado. Campinas (SP), Faculdade de Ciências Médicas
da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP). 2 v., 392 pp.
Orientadora: Profª. Dra. Maria Adélia Jorge Mac Fadden.
ABSTRACT
This
paper intends to study the building of the life's script focusing three
generations, based on the theoretical presuppositions of Transactional
analysis and some points of the Systemic theory. Considering the "script"
as an established plan for the child under parent's influence and that
it determines the life's course of an individual, we intend to analyze:
a) how family influences are transmitted, noticed and perceived; b)
how the life style adopted relates to the premature influences; c) what
is the role of the "script" in the conjugal relationship.
The method of case studies was used, enclosing a sample of three family
groups of three generations. As auxiliary tools were used a semi structured
interview and the Drawing-of-Family-with-Story Procedure (DF-E). The
analysis of the results show that: a) family influences are transmitted
and noticed in a interaction between grandparents, parents and children,
through hopes, models and attributions with common and specific aspects
for each person; b) the life style adopted relates to the premature
influences in the proportion that is used to attend the family hopes,
supply the individual non attended needs, repair the failures of the
family of origin and maintain interaction models that are considered
positive; c) the individual scripts act in a complementary way to the
conjugal relationships.
The results show efficiency of the DF-E in the apprehension of the concept
of family for three generations and its relations with each other. For
these generations, transmission of myths, hopes, conflicts and the influence
of all these aspects in the construction of the individual life script,
were detected.
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TARDIVO, Leila S.C. (1985) - Normas para avaliação
do Procedimento de Desenhos-Estórias numa amostra de crianças
paulistanas de 5 a 8 anos de idade [Standards for the Assessment of
the Drawing-and-Story Procedure in a Sample of 5 to 8 Year-Old Children
from the City of São Paulo]. Dissertação de
Mestrado. São Paulo (SP), Instituto de Psicologia da USP, 208
pp.
Orientador: Prof. Dr. Walter Trinca.
ABSTRACT
This piece of work had as a the aim of establishing rules for evaluation
of Drawing-and-Story Procedure (D-E) proposed by Trinca (1972). The
sample is composed by 80 children which ages vary from 5 to 8, male
and female, from a middle social economical level. In order to have
a general idea of the intellectual level of these subjects, the clinical
device mentioned above was individually applied to all of them as well
as the Progressive Matrices Tests by Raven.
The results permitted the composition of a Referential for the Analysis
of Drawing-and-Story Procedure, as of the initial Referential introduced
by Trinca in 1972. The new referential is composed by eight groups:
GROUP
I - BASIC ATITUDE (traces 1 to 5):
1.
Acceptance - are included in this trace the needs and the worries with
acceptance, success, growing up and the attitudes of security; 2. Opposition
- attitudes of opposition, contempt, hostility, competition, negativism
etc; 3. Insecurity - including the needs of protection, shelter and
help; the attitudes of submission, inhibition, isolation, blockage,
and the attitudes of insecurity; 4. Positive Identification - feelings
of self valorization, self image and self concepts that are real and
positive; search for identity and identification with the own gender;
5. Negative Identification - this trace is opposite to trace 4, and
refers to the feelings of less value, less capacity, less importance
and identification with the other Sex.
GROUP
II - SIGNIFICATIVE FIGURES (traces 6 to 11):
6.
Positive Maternal Figure - the mother felt as being present, gratifying,
good, affectionate, protective, facilitating (good object); 7. Negative
Maternal Figure - the mother lived as being absent, omissive, rejecting,
threatening, controlling, exploiting (bad object); 8. Positive Father
Image - similar to trace 7, here in relation to the father; 10. Positive
Fraternal Figure - and/or other figures - aspects of relationships with
brothers and / or equals (companions, friends etc.); in other words,
cooperation, collaboration etc.; 11. Negative Fraternal Figure and/or
other figures - negative aspects of the relationship: competition, rivalry,
conflict, envy.
GROUP
III - EXPRESSED FEELINGS (traces 12 to 14):
12.
Feelings that come from Life Instinct - are those of a constructive
type: joy, love, instinctive energy and sexual, 13. Feelings that come
from the Death Instinct - are those of a destructive type: hatred, anger,
envy, persecutory jealousy; 14. Feelings that come from conflicts -
are ambivalent feelings, that come from the fight between the Instincts
of Life and Death; like guilt feelings, fear of loss, of abandonment,
feelings of loneliness, sadness, feeling of being unprotected, depressive
jealousy and others.
GROUP
IV - TENDENCIES AND DESIRES (traces 15 to 17):
Necessity
to Supply Basic Needs - here are included the most basic, like desire
for protection and shelter; need for understanding, of being included,
of being taken care with affection; oral needs etc.; 16. Destructive
Tendencies - here are included the more hostile ones, like desire or
vengeance, of attacking, of destroying, of separating the parents; 17.
Constructive Tendencies - are the more evolved, like necessities of
cure, of acquisition, of realization and autonomy, of freedom and growth.
GROUP
V - IMPULSES (traces 18 and 190):
18.
Loving ; 19. Destructive.
GROUP
VI - ANXIETIES (traces 20 and 21):
20.
Paranoid; 21. Depressive.
GROUP
VII - DEFENSE MECHANISMS (traces 22 to 33):
22.
Scission; 23. Projection ; 24. Repression; 25. Negation / Annulment;
26. Repression or Fixation in Primitive Stages; 27. Rationalization;
28. Isolation; 29. Displacement; 30. Idealization; 31. Sublimation;
32. Reaction Formation; 33. Maniac Negation or Omnipotence.
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TARDIVO, Leila S.C. (1992) - Teste de Apercepção Infantil
com Figuras de Animais (CAT-A) e Teste das Fábulas de Düss:
estudos normativos e aplicações no contexto das técnicas
projetivas. [Children Apperception Test with Animal Figures (CAT-A)
and Düss Fables Test: Normative Studies and Applications in the
Context of Projetive Techniques]. Tese de Doutorado. 2 vols. São
Paulo (SP), Instituto de Psicologia da USP pp. 423-460.
Orientador: Prof. Dr. Walter Trinca.
ABSTRACT
The main purpose of this study was to establish the norms for the evaluation
of the following Projective Techniques: The Children's Apperception
Test with Animal Figures (CAT-A) and the Düss Fables Test in the
population of the city of São Paulo. The sample was composed
by 128 subjects from 5 to 8 years old, male and female, proceeding from
middle class families with normal intelligence. The subjects were submitted
to individual testing on both tests.
For the two techniques, the author proposed an evaluation on the aspects
of the contents. For such, references of analysis were created, which
were made up of traits or specific categories for each of the ten plates
of the CAT-A and for the ten stories of the Düss Test. The performance
of the sample by age and sex was analyzed in each of the categories,
and the typical answers for the population tested, were verified.
In the CAT-A the typical answers for the pictures were: 1 - references
to the mother figure; 2, 5 e 6 - perception of the triangular oedipical
situation (being playful in nº 2 and helplessness in nºs 5
and 6 ); 3 hostility link with the father figure; 4 - leisure and good
relation with the mother figure; 7 - a persecutory figure that attacks
like a male; 8 - a relation of acceptance with the parental figure (mother
or father); 9 - reaction of independence and growth and in 10 - various
answers. The author writes also a study of some of the formal aspects
of the answers. In the Duss Test the most frequent answers for each
fable were: 1 - reactions of independence and autonomy; 2 - acceptance
of the parents relationship; 3 -acceptance of the fraternal figure and
a depressive experience of ablactation; 4 - father figure; 5 - fear
of real and external objects; 6 - presence of anguish linked to the
castration complex or getting over it; 7 - absence of possessive character;
8 - anguished experience of the oedipal complex; 9 - good news and 10
- various answers.
The author discusses the performance of the sample between the two techniques
and includes the comparison of both with the Drawing-and-Story Procedure(D-E),
instrument introduced by Trinca and studied previously. He found that
there was coherence between the three techniques, but it is pointed
out that in the fables the conscious aspects are more present than in
the other two. The D-E showed to be a synthetic tool, that privileges
the observation of the set of units, and not of each one in separate,
as CAT - A and the Düss Test do.
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TRINCA, Ana Maria T. (1987) - A apreensão de conteúdos
emocionais de crianças em situação pré-cirúrgica
[Apprehension of Emotional Contents of Children in a Pre-Surgical Situation].
Dissertação de Mestrado. São Paulo (SP), Instituto
de Psicologia da USP, 305 pp.
Orientador: Prof. Dr. Ryad Simon.
ABSTRACT
The objective of this research was to investigate the main emotional
content manifested by children that found themselves in a pre-surgical
situation. It is assumed that the child develops fantasies, anxieties
and defense mechanisms particular to his personality and to the surgical
situation, from the first moment he is informed about his surgery.
To investigate the emergence of emotions in the pre-surgical situation,
a field research was carried out in children's hospitals of the city
of São Paulo (SP). The sample consisted of 15 subjects of both
sexes, from 7 to 11 years old, who were expecting non-urgent minor surgeries.
The clinical tool used for better apprehension of emotional content
of these children was the Drawing-and-Story Procedure. Semi-structured
interviews with the children's mothers were also conducted.
The analysis of clinical material within a psychoanalytic approach showed
that surgery usually re-urges regressive fantasies, anxieties and basic
defenses of the personality, brings up primitive anguishes, intensifies
primary defense mechanisms, acts as punishment, mobilizes life forces
in the personality and is felt as a chance for reparation. The author
detected psychotherapeutic needs in the children that were facing the
difficult pre-surgical moment. At last, was suggested the creation of
a set of Psychological Services at Surgical Wards in Hospitals, in order
to help the children and to provide some relief for the parent's anxieties.
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TRINCA, Walter e LIMA, Celia M.B.(1989) - O Procedimento de Desenhos-Estórias:
características e fundamentação [The Drawing-and-Story
Procedure: Characteristics and Fundamentals]. São Caetano do
Sul (SP), Revista Brasileira de Pesquisa em Psicologia, 1 (3):
78-84.
ABSTRACT
Free drawing, associated with stories told by children, adolescents
and adults, in which it stands as a stimulus for these stories constitutes
an instrument with its own characteristics for attaining relevant information
about the personality. It has a particular characteristic of not being
a psychological test, but rather, of belonging within the methodology
of psychological study as an intermediate procedure between non-structured
interview and graphic and thematic projective techniques. It is called
Drawing-and-Story Procedure (D-E) and requires the examinee to execute
a series of 5 free drawings (chromatic or achromatic) each one serving
as a stimulus for a freely associated story told by the examinee directly
after finishing each drawing. Once the examinee has finished each drawing-story
pair, he continues supplying further information (the "inquiry"
phase) and the title of the story. Being so, the free drawings, became
thematic apperception stimuli.
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TRINCA, Walter (1972) - O desenho livre como estímulo de apercepção
temática [Free Drawing as a Thematic Apperception Stimulus].
Tese de Doutorado. São Paulo (SP), Instituto de Psicologia da
USP, 180 pp.
Orientadora: Profª. Dra. Odette Lourenção van Kolck.
ABSTRACT
We have formulated the hypothesis that free drawings, associated with
stories told by children and adolescents and to which free drawing stands
as a stimulus, constitutes an instrument with characteristics of its
own for attaining information about personality in aspects which are
not easily detectable through direct psychological interview. We have
introduced a new instrument, helpful in the dynamic investigation of
the personality of children and adolescents (ages varying from 5 to
15), designated to supply additional clinical elements, having as a
particular characteristic that of not being a psychological test, but
rather, that of belonging to the methodology of psychological study
as an intermediate procedure between non-structured interview and graphic
and thematic projective techniques. It is called the Drawing-and-Story
Procedure (D-E) and requires the examinee to execute a series of five
free drawings (chromatic or achromatic) each one serving as a stimulus
for a story freely associated and told by the examinee directly after
finishing each drawing. Once finished each drawing-story , the examinee
continues supplying further information ( the "inquiry" phase)
and the title of the story. The free drawings, thusly, become thematic
apperception stimuli. The characterization of the process as an intermediary
one was deduced from the necessity of the clinical psychologist to adapt
himself to forms of communication peculiar to children and adolescents.
The Drawing-and-Story Procedure finds its fundaments in the following
basic suppositions: l)The subject may reveal his conflicts, dispositions,
etc. upon structuring a situation not previously defined; 2) When the
subject is placed in conditions for associating freely, these associations
will tend to direct themselves toward sectors in which the individual
is emotionally more sensitive; 3) The less direction and structure given
to the stimulus, greater will be the probability of finding significant
material in the response; 4)In the initial contact the patient may communicate
the main conflicts which brought him to the clinic; 5) In the psychological
clinic, children and adolescents prefer graphic communication and apperceptive
fantasy to direct verbal communication; and 6)The sequence, under repetition,
on graphic or verbal tests, may add an activation factor of the expression
of psychological dynamism.
With
the purpose of studying partially our primary standing hypothesis, we
organized an investigation designated to compare the D-E with some known
techniques of thematic apperception. This research was a preliminary
attempt of concomitant validation, as part of broader objectives. Therefore,
we investigated the possibility of the D-E constituting itself as an
instrument capable of obtaining information about dynamism of the maladjusted
personality. It was compared with the TAT and the CAT-A and with a combination
of the two. We gathered samples from 53 cases originating from psychological
clinics where these subjects were submitted to simultaneous psychological
study. The statistical treatment of the research material involved two
separate analyses, the first through use of the Kendall Correlation
Coefficient and the second through the Binomial Test. The conclusions,
in all, revealed correlation and concordances statistically significant
between the Drawing-and-Story Procedure and the tests which served as
"criteria of confirmation". These initial conclusions have
encouraged us to proceed with the investigation, in view of which we
suggest new research, in spite of the difficulties in validating procedures
of this kind. We have also introduced in this work a primary referential
to the analysis and interpretation of the material and 11 cases for
illustration of the application of the new procedure in psychological
study.
Our
efforts are justified by the introduction of a rapid, easy and economical
instrument for use in surveys of large populations where resources are
scarce and where the specialist does not dispose of sufficient time
nor economic conditions in order to work with traditional methods. This
work, therefore, proposes to give support to such communal and preventive
aspects.
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TRINCA, W. (1989) - O Procedimento de Desenhos de Família com
Estórias (DF-E) na investigação da personalidade
de crianças e adolescentes [The Drawing-of-Family-with-Story
Procedure (DF-E): an Auxiliary Tool for Clinical Investigation of the
Personality of Children and Adolescents. São Paulo (SP), Boletim
de Psicologia, 39, (90/91): 45-54.
ABSTRACT
The author introduced in the 1970's the procedure of the Drawing-of-Family-with-Story
Procedure (DF-E) as an auxiliary tool for clinical investigation of
the personality of children and adolescents to be used in the context
of psychological diagnosis. It consists on the application and evaluation
of four drawings of families (any family; an ideal family, a family
where someone is not well, the own family). Every drawing is used as
a stimulus of thematic apperception. The clinical work with such a technique
reveals it as being useful for the apprehension of nuclear conflicts
of the personality, in specific moments of one's life. This tool is
originated from thematic and graphic techniques, basically similar to
Drawing-and-Story Procedure, presented by the same author, in 1972.
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TRINCA, W. et alii. (1991) - Estudo histórico sobre desenhos
de família [A Historical Study on Family Drawings]. São
Caetano do Sul (SP), Revista Brasileira de Pesquisa em Psicologia,
3 (3): 30-38.
ABSTRACT
The authors made a research on the main publications about projective
techniques of family-drawings, with the purpose of determining its origin,
its development process, its multiple forms and variations, its main
systematizors and releasers. They give a general idea of the research
development and the clinical use of this test over the 60 years of its
existence. They highlight particularly, the procedure of Family Drawings
with Stories (DF-E) introduced by Trinca.
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VILLELA, Elisa M. B. (1999) - As repercussões emocionais em
irmãos de deficientes visuais [Emotional Repercussions on Siblings
of Visually Impaired People]. Dissertação de Mestrado.
São Paulo (SP), Instituto de Psicologia da USP, 191 pp.
Orientadora: Profª. Dra. Maria Lúcia T.M. Amiralian.
ABSTRACT
The goal of this essay was to investigate the affective experience of
brothers and sisters as members of a family in which there is a child
with a visual impairment. It is known that the current nuclear family
detains the monopoly of the affection and the education of the individuals
for life. As a subsystem of the family institution, the relationship
between siblings has a high standard in the development of the personality.
Despite its value, there is a lack of research and acknowledgment about
this subject. Only after the 80', we will find systematic studies about
this topic. In the psychoanalysis field, some authors have dedicated
their studies to understand the siblings relationship, not only as the
extension or replacement of the relationship with the primary object,
but also a phenomenon with its own specification as well.
The families with a deficient member develop a peculiar dynamics, and
the sibling relationships suffer the influence of this dynamic. This
essay had as a purpose to examine the fantasies and the nodal conflicts
of siblings listening to their own reports. We conducted our research
with ten children, between 6 and 11 years old, brothers or sisters of
visually deficient children. We have done it taking advantage of the
sources in the interviews and the Drawing-of-Family-with-Story Procedure
(DF-E) present by Trinca.
The data obtained revealed a basic system of mental functioning centered
on hostility repression. The sibling rivalry is a fundamental experience
in the development of the ego's functions. It also reveals itself in
the configuration of a defensive structure that the child develops against
the hostility related to his/her brother or sister. If this experience
can not be lived by the children, it remains unconscious, and it does
not have any chance to transform itself a positive action for their
evolution and their self knowledge. The emotional cost observed, among
those children who have been studied, was that on behalf of maintaining
the fraternal relationship there is a distance that is created in relation
to their real desires and necessities that takes them away from themselves.
Nevertheless the recognition and the acceptance by the family of these
negative feelings of their no-handicapped children, most of all from
their mothers, will help them to live fully these feelings and to organize
them. This organization will help them to grow with a truthful character.
This way, the development of a prophylactic psychological work within
the family that has a deficient member, is justified.
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VITALI, Lígia M. (2000) - Investigando a representação
social da obesidade através do método da psicanálise
[Investigating the Social Representation of Obesity through Psychoanalysis
Method]. Curso de Especialização em Psicologia Hospitalar
[Course of Specialization in Hospital Psychology]. São Paulo
(SP). Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (Monograph).
Orientadora: Profª Ana Clara Duarte Gavião
ABSTRACT
This paper is intended to research the Social Representation of obesity
within clinical psychoanalytical paradigms (subjective expression, interpretation
and transformation) by applying two procedures that are guided by the
psychoanalysis method: the psychoanalytical session and the Thematic
Story-Drawing Procedure.
Results show the effectiveness of the Thematic Story-Drawing Procedure
in providing psychologists with a tool to intervene and enable psychical
changes.
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ZAHER, Vera Lúcia (1999) - Da vocação médica
ao exercício profissional: quando os médicos revelam o
seu talento [From vocation to professional work: when physicians unmask
their talent]. Tese de Doutorado. São Paulo (SP), Faculdade
de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, 272 pp.
Orientador: Prof. Dr. Marco Segre.
ABSTRACT
The choice of a profession by any individual is based on many (conscious
or unconscious) complex factors other than cultural, social, political
and economical ones. In the case of physicians, an inadequate choice
can bring difficulties in dealing with human suffering and the complexities
of the relation between life and death. Since the beginning of time,
any work in the medical field was related to religion and the idea of
vocation. This study evaluates the motivation of a group of physicians
in choosing their professions, the change they would do in their lives
and at the same time elucidates their personal characteristics, thus
contributing with legal instruments which influence the relationship
between health professional and patient. The research was divided into
two parts: in the first one, a questionnaire was answered by a group
of 293 physicians throughout Brazil; in the second one, through an interview
and a projective test - Drawing-and-Story Procedure (D-E) - five physicians
were evaluated in the city of São Paulo. In the first part, out
of 293 questionnaires, 276 answered the question: "what are the
motivations that took doctors to choose the profession". There
were several answers regarding family influences, people related to
the field, memories of childhood, personal motivations (vocation), the
relationship with others (desire to cure, help, minimize the suffering),
social factors and a better life quality, social position, sense of
being valuable, economical security and assured work in the market.
Other answers referred to lack of professional options, vocation tests,
the challenge in entering a difficult college, love to science, etc.
When it was asked "what changes physicians would make in their
own lives", the answers were related to: personal care (more leisure
time, trips, care with nutrition, no smoking, sports activities, care
with their emotional life in order to bring satisfaction to themselves
and improve as a human being), more time with the family, less working
hours, higher salaries, changes of specialty, field or country. In the
second part, the research dealt with the psychic dimensions of the subjects.
This was evaluated through an interview and a projective test (D-E).
It was found that although the subjects were willing to meet with the
interviewer, they had difficulties in exposing themselves, answering
with little symbolization and preferring to simply describe their daily
lives. This study gives an overview of the physician's psyche and how
those mechanisms influence their relationships with their patients.
The questions that the doctors make about their lives should be used
to improve their professional performance. Physicians shouldn't have
to depend only on themselves, on medical technology, on knowledge and
power and at the same time be a prisoner of the social imagery. They
should go through the various conflicts of the daily life. Authorities
in the medical field should recommend physicians to give more attention
to self knowledge, and by taking care of themselves, they could better
assist their patients.
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